Wax Recovery from the Pyrolysis of Virgin and Waste Plastics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thermochemical conversion is an effective technique for the treatment of polyolefin plastics to produce value-added products, including oils and chemical waxes. The recovery of wax from the pyrolysis of virgin high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and plastic solid waste (PSW) in a patented fixed-bed reactor has been investigated in this study. The highest wax yield (64.5 wt %) was obtained from LDPE at 500 °C. Results show that the average densities of the waxes recovered from PSW, HDPE, and LDPE are 851.7 ± 1.0, 849.4 ± 5.3, and 879.5 ± 2.2 kg m –3, respectively. These values are similar to that of commercial wax and slightly higher than that of commercial paraffin wax. Considering their energy content, the waxes studied can be used as sources of fuel. The calorific values of the recovered waxes are estimated to be in the range of 45.61–46.22 kJ g –1, which is in the acceptable range of commercial kerosene, gas oil, and light fuel oil. Furthermore, the waxes obtained have flash points that are above the specifications of diesel fuel, indicating that they fall within the acceptable flammability range.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".