The 35-Day Cycle of Hercules X-1 in Multiple Energy Bands from MAXI and Swift/BAT Monitoring
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hercules X-1 (Her X-1) has been monitored by MAXI and by Swift/BAT for over a decade. Those observations are analyzed to measure the shape and energy dependence of the long-term average of the 35-day cycle of Her X-1. The cross-correlation (CC) method is used to determine peak times and cycle lengths. Swift/BAT data produces better 35-day times because of the gaps in the MAXI data. Using Swift/BAT-derived times, average 35-day cycle light-curves are created for multiple energy bands: MAXI’s 2–20 keV, 2–4 keV, 4–10 keV and 10–20 keV bands and Swift/BAT’s 15–50 keV band. The durations of the different states of the 35-day cycle are measured better than previously. We find clear changes in X-ray softness ratio with 35-day phase, and detect persistent features in the 35-day cycle. These include column density changes during turn-on of Main High and of Short High states, and persistent absorption dips during the bright part of Main High and of Short High states.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".