Thermal Stabilization of Embankments Built on Thaw-Sensitive Permafrost
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As a result of climate change and design techniques poorly adapted to permafrost conditions, thermal degradation of permafrost underneath transportation infrastructure is leading to infrastructure instability and increasing maintenance costs. Thermal stabilization methods were developed to counter the effects of permafrost degradation; however, little information on the design procedures is available. The objective of this paper was to describe the development of two rational design methods and to present several design charts developed using numerical simulations, to assist the designers in thermal stabilization of embankments built on thaw-sensitive permafrost. Thermal models were built based on specific field sites and well calibrated to the measured temperature data. The charts were validated using additional data in Yukon and Nunavik, Canada, to improve their robustness and their reliability. Design charts were developed for promising mitigation techniques, including gentle side slopes, high-albedo surfaces, air convection embankments (ACEs), and heat drains.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".