High-speed imaging database of water jet disintegration Part I: Quantitative imaging using liquid laser-induced fluorescence
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper is Part I in a series of articles focused on a fundamental study on liquid jet disintegration. The main goal of this work is to provide an extensive open access database of high-speed images and videos for modelers and researchers in the field of fluid mechanics studying the dynamics of a liquid jet transiting from the Rayleigh to the atomization regimes. The injector under examination has a single orifice 0.60 mm in diameter and was used to inject water into quiescent air at atmospheric temperature and pressure. In this study, only the liquid injection pressure was varied, reaching a maximum Reynolds number of approximately 60 000. Historically, high-speed videos of liquid jet disintegration have been captured via shadowgraphy imaging techniques. The alternate approach proposed here employs photographing a fluorescing liquid, using Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) allowing us to deduce the volume of the imaged liquid structures. The experiment is divided into two parts. In the first portion, the interrogation area measures a distance of 160 mm along the jet, and includes sets of ~800 images, recorded at 40 000 frames per second, corresponding to a temporal resolution of 25 µs. In the second part, the viewable area was reduced to 28 mm, and ~400 images were recorded at 50 000 frames per second resulting in a temporal resolution of 20 µs. This configuration enabled the finer structures of the jet to be resolved. In this case, two high-speed cameras orientated at 90˚ are used to simultaneously image the liquid jet. This two-angle detection configuration allows for the identification and more accurate account of the irregular liquid bodies formed in the jet. Descriptions of the optical arrangements, operating conditions, and the image post-processing methodologies used to obtain quantitative measurements of liquid depths from the LIF signal have been outlined. The resulting temporally resolved high-speed image series are openly downloadable on the website: https://spray-imaging.com/water-jet.html or alternatively on Open Science Framework at: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/CG3DF
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".