Bibliographic record
Abstract
In previous chapters, we focused on the neuroendocrine system in terms of a variety of hypothalamic neurotransmitter and hormonal messengers. In Chapter 1, these messengers were seen to act via endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, intracrine and neuroendocrine mechanisms. So far, however, we have not discussed in detail how target cells detect and respond to such messages. Chapter 5 introduced this story by illustrating how neurotransmitters, neurohormones and peptide hormones affect their target cells through receptors localized to the cell membrane. Examples of these receptors are illustrated in Figures 5.2 (ion channel; GABA receptor) and 5.13 (G-protein-coupled receptor) and this type of receptor will be covered in more detail in Chapter 10. The location of receptors on the outside of cells, that is, in the cell membrane, is important for at least two reasons: (1) because peptide hormones are large, water soluble (hydrophilic) molecules which cannot easily pass through the cell membrane; and (2) because cells such as neurons must respond very quickly (seconds) to neurotransmitters like GABA or glutamate that do not have to enter the cell. In marked contrast, steroid hormones (testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids; Figure 7.3), and thyroid hormones, are small lipophilic (fat soluble) molecules that can readily diffuse through the cell membranes into any cell in the body. As we shall see in this chapter, target cells for steroid and thyroid hormones have receptors that are located inside the cell. These cells therefore respond relatively slowly (minutes to hours) to hormonal stimulation (see Figure 9.1). In brief, the steroid hormone is transported in the blood and released from a binding globulin before freely moving through the cell membrane. Unoccupied steroid hormone receptors (R) are coupled to a molecular chaperone (HSP90; heat shock protein 90) that stabilizes R in the correct shape. When the hormone binds to the receptor-HSP complex, the HSP dissociates and the remaining steroid hormone-receptor complex dimerizes before it enters the cell nucleus. The steroid-R dimer complex then binds to responsive genes via specific hormone response elements (HRE).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.053 | 0.026 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".