<scp> FMRF‐NH <sub>2</sub> ‐related </scp> neuropeptides in <scp> <i>Biomphalaria</i> </scp> spp., intermediate hosts for schistosomiasis: Precursor organization and immunohistochemical localization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Freshwater snails of the genus Biomphalaria serve as intermediate hosts for the digenetic trematode Schistosoma mansoni , the etiological agent for the most widespread form of intestinal schistosomiasis. As neuropeptide signaling in host snails can be altered by trematode infection, a neural transcriptomics approach was undertaken to identify peptide precursors in Biomphalaria glabrata , the major intermediate host for S . mansoni in the Western Hemisphere. Three transcripts that encode peptides belonging to the FMRF‐NH 2 ‐related peptide (FaRP) family were identified in B . glabrata . One transcript encoded a precursor polypeptide ( Bgl‐FaRP1 ; 292 amino acids) that included eight copies of the tetrapeptide FMRF‐NH 2 and single copies of FIRF‐NH 2 , FLRF‐NH 2 , and pQFYRI‐NH 2 . The second transcript encoded a precursor ( Bgl‐FaRP2 ; 347 amino acids) that comprised 14 copies of the heptapeptide GDPFLRF‐NH 2 and 1 copy of SKPYMRF‐NH 2 . The precursor encoded by the third transcript ( Bgl‐FaRP3 ; 287 amino acids) recapitulated Bgl‐FaRP2 but lacked the full SKPYMRF‐NH 2 peptide. The three precursors shared a common signal peptide, suggesting a genomic organization described previously in gastropods. Immunohistochemical studies were performed on the nervous systems of B . glabrata and B . alexandrina , a major intermediate host for S . mansoni in Egypt. FMRF‐NH 2 ‐like immunoreactive (FMRF‐NH 2 ‐li) neurons were located in regions of the central nervous system associated with reproduction, feeding, and cardiorespiration. Antisera raised against non‐FMRF‐NH 2 peptides present in the tetrapeptide and heptapeptide precursors labeled independent subsets of the FMRF‐NH 2 ‐li neurons. This study supports the participation of FMRF‐NH 2 ‐related neuropeptides in the regulation of vital physiological and behavioral systems that are altered by parasitism in Biomphalaria .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".