Archipelagic ambiguities: the demarcation of modern Japan, 1868-1879
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the modern era, the demarcation of national boundaries has been a critical feature of the international system. Continent-based demarcations are often more complex than island-based demarcations due, in part, to the former’s generally greater ethnic, religious and historical diversities. However, island-based demarcations, especially when involving archipelagos, can also be a challenging process. States with extensive archipelagos are often faced with geographical archipelagic ambiguities, whereby it is unclear to the archipelagic state and other states where the former’s national boundaries begin and end. This paper explores the archipelagic ambiguities modern Japan was faced with and examines their origins and how they were resolved. By 1868, Japanese leaders realized that Japan’s lingering territorial uncertainties could no longer be left unaddressed if their country was to become a contemporary state. The modern demarcation of Japan was a process lasting more than a decade, until the country resolved the geographical ambiguities along its northern and southern peripheries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".