Interaction of a Glacial Water Outflow with the Gulf Stream
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A popular hypothesis in paleoclimatology posits that the episodic discharges of glacial water from the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) to the North Atlantic caused abrupt changes in ocean circulation and climate during the last (de)glacial periods. Implicit in this hypothesis is that the glacial water spread away from the coast and reached critical sites of deep water formation. Among the processes that could favour the offshore export of glacial water released along the eastern North American coast is the entrainment with the Gulf Stream near Cape Hatteras, where the Stream is observed to detach from the coast in the modern climate, or at other locations between Cape Hatteras and the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Here we investigate the fate of glacial water released in the western North Atlantic from the Laurentian Channel, which geologic evidence suggests to have been the main route of ice discharge from the Québec-Labrador Ice Dome of the LIS. To this end, we conduct numerical experiments with an ocean circulation model with eddy-resolving resolution and configured to represent the region north of Bermuda and west of the Grand Banks. Experiments with different regional sea levels are performed which correspond to different estimates of global sea level since the Last Glacial Maximum. In each experiment, glacial water in liquid form is discharged from the Laurentian Channel, providing a paleoceanographic analogue of the dam-break problem. As expected from the action of the Coriolis force and from the properties of the glacial water inflow, the discharged water turns to the right of the Channel and then produces a narrow buoyant current that flows along the coast to the southwest towards Cape Hatteras. Our presentation will focus on the interaction of this current with the Gulf Stream, particularly with its meanders and rings, and on the role of this interaction both in the seaward export of glacial water and in the modification of the Stream itself.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".