Misconduct relating to fraud and corruption in the public service
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In an article, “Corruption and Governance Challenges: The South African Experience”,1 the Public Protector commented that corruption and good governance sit at the opposite ends of the spectrum. While good governance represents the ideal for governments, corporations and nations globally, corruption is a scourge that decent people, organisations and governments seek to eradicate. In the simplest of terms, corruption involves the abuse of power for private gain.The Public Protector further stated that it should be a concern to everybody that in post-independence Africa, certainly in South Africa, the accumulation of riches (in most cases, very sudden) is venerated even in the absence of visible means of accumulating the riches. South Africa has battled with corruption since the days of apartheid. Post-apartheid South Africa is a more open society and more opportunities have been created for detecting, exposing and prosecuting corruption. South Africa‟s approach to corruption is multipronged. The main pillars according to the Public Protector are the law, anti-corruption agencies, and public mobilisation.This studyhas attempted to attend to the challenges of managing misconduct relating to fraud and corruption that appear to weaken our democracy. Fraud and corruption is a complex phenomenon that requires managers and supervisors to possess a specialist technical knowledge in order to be effective in punishing those that are involved in this type of misconduct. The tendency currently is for the managers and supervisors to place suspected corrupt employees on a prolonged pre-cautionary suspension for a period that is not supported by law. This of course weakens the employer‟s case as they tend to rely on the outcomes of the proceedings in the criminal procedure before they institute disciplinary action against such culprits. Workers could be criminally prosecuted for this type of misconduct in terms of the provisions of the Prevention and Combating of the Corrupt Activities Act. Employers always enjoy the right to criminally prosecute workers who have committed acts of fraud or corruption but that must go concurrently with the institution of the disciplinary proceedings in terms of the collective agreement, if there is any. This study will show that the act of misconduct relating to fraud and corruption is a complex phenomenon that poses a threat to the global security. This study also takes a closer view of the provisions of international instruments and institutions such as the United Nations and International Labour Organisation. It further, does a detailed analysis of the provisions in other foreign jurisdiction like Canada. This is consistent with the provisions of the Bill of Rights as enshrined in the Constitution:Section 39(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa demands that when interpreting the Bill of Rights, a court, tribunal or forum: a. Must promote the values that underlie an open and democratic society based on human dignity, equality and freedom; b. Must consider international law; and c.…
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.029 | 0.052 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.034 | 0.027 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.014 | 0.011 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.015 |
| Research integrity | 0.010 | 0.013 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".