Bibliographic record
Abstract
Natural language relies on a finite lexicon to express a potentially infinite set of ideas. This tension often results in the innovative reuse of existing words to describe emerging ideas. In this chapter, we take a computational perspective to examine how English adjectives extend their range over time to modify nouns and form previously unattested adjective-noun pairs. We hypothesize that how novel adjective-noun pairings emerge is non-arbitrary and follows a process of chaining, whereby novel noun referents for an adjective link to existing nouns modified by the same adjective that are close in semantic space. We test this proposal by exploring a set of probabilistic models that predict adjective-noun pairs from a historical text corpus (Google Books) that spans the past 150 years. Our findings across three diverse sets of adjectives support a chaining mechanism sensitive to local semantic neighbourhood -- formulated as an exemplar model of categorization similar to the Generalized Context Model. These findings mirror existing work on chaining in the historical growth of grammatical categories. We discuss the limitations and implications of our approach toward a general theory of word meaning extension in natural language.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.021 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.011 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".