Sobre els orígens del microscopi electrònic i la microscòpia electrònica.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
espanolEl microscopio electronico cumplira pronto su primer centenario. Las ideas que llevaron a la invencion del instrumento surgieron en Berlin entre 1928 y 1933. Ernst Ruska es el indisputable inventor del microscopio electronico de transmision. A mediados de los anos 30, cientificos de muchos paises europeos y sobre todo en los Estados Unidos, Canada yJapon se interesaron contribuyendo a la nueva tecnologia. Ernst Ruska fue distinguido en 1986 con el Premio Nobel de Fisica por su invento. catalaEl microscopi electronic complira aviat el seu primer centenari. Les idees que portaren a la invencio de l’instrument varen sorgir a Berlin entre 1928 i 1933. Ernst Ruska es l’indisputable inventor del microscopi electronic de transmissio. A mitjan del anys 30, cientifics de molts paisos europeus i sobretot als Estats Units, Canada i Japo s’hi van interessar, contribuint a la nova tecnologia. Ernst Ruska va ser distingit el 1986 amb el Premi Nobel de Fisica pel seu invent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.021 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".