Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chapters 2 and 3 surveyed the hormones of the endocrine and pituitary glands. This chapter outlines the functions of the hypothalamus, and the hypothalamic neurosecretory cells and examines the role of the hypothalamus in controlling the release of pituitary hormones. Functions of the hypothalamus The hypothalamus is located at the base of the forebrain, below the thalamus (see Figure 3.1), and is divided into two halves, along the midline, by the third ventricle, which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). As shown in a coronal (frontal) section in Figure 4.1, the hypothalamus contains many groups, or nuclei, of nerve cell bodies. The medial basal hypothalamus, consisting of the VMH, ARC and median eminence, is often referred to as the “endocrine hypothalamus” because of its neuroendocrine functions. For students interested in further details, a description of the anatomy of the hypothalamus can be found elsewhere (Norris 2007; Page 2006; Squire et al . 2008). It is beyond the scope of this book to consider in detail the many and complex roles of the hypothalamus in maintaining normal bodily functions. But bear in mind that this brain center exerts an amazing diversity of critical controls, including growth, reproduction, temperature control, metabolism and body weight, emotional behavior (anger, fear, euphoria), motivational arousal (hunger, thirst, aggression and sexual arousal), circadian rhythms, stress and fluid balance. It contains multiple internal connections between neurons, but in addition receives neural information from other brain regions such as amygdala, hippocampus and spinal cord. The hypothalamus is well supplied with blood vessels and is therefore the recipient of essential information from the bloodstream, such as temperature and hormone levels. Thus, we can appreciate the importance of the hypothalamus in integrating and responding to all of this information by modifying its output of neural and neuroendocrine signaling. These functions of the hypothalamus can be “localized” to particular nuclei, although any boundaries, such as those outlined in Figure 4.1, should be regarded only as approximate guides.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.030 | 0.013 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".