Skeletal Muscle Regulatory Responses to Increased Extracellular Lactate
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mammalian skeletal muscle cells exhibit cell shrinkage followed by regulatory volume increase (RVI) in response to increases in extracellular osmolarity caused by addition of concentrated NaCl or sucrose. We hypothesized that increased extracellular sodium lactate would similarly result in a transient loss of cell volume, followed by RVI, and that the RVI would be more rapid and pronounced than that seen with NaCl due to entry of lactate into the cell. The present study measured the time course of change single fibre width in response to varied increases in extracellular NaCl or Na‐lactate. Adult mouse EDL single fibres were isolated using collagenase and incubated in DMEM prior to and during experimentation. Fibre images were obtained at 3–6 s intervals for up to 40 min. Fibre images were analyzed for width at 2 sites. Increased osmolarity resulted in a rapid decrease in fibre width, followed by RVI. The volume recovery was faster and more complete when [lactate] ≥20 mmol/L. There was a linear relationship between increases extracellular [lactate], cell shrinkage, and magnitude of RVI. It appears that the inward transport of lactate into skeletal muscle contributes, together with increased NKCC activity, to the RVI in mammalian skeletal muscle. Supported by NSERC of Canada.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it