Association of perfluoroalkyl substances with gestational hypertension and preeclampsia in the MIREC study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: We examined relationships between perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and the development of gestational hypertension or preeclampsia in the MIREC Canadian pregnancy cohort. We also explored the potential for fetal sex-stratified effects.Methods: PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS were analyzed in first trimester maternal plasma samples. Blood pressure and diagnostic information for gestational hypertension and preeclampsia were assessed during each trimester. Logistic regression was used to derive adjusted odds ratios (OR) for associations between PFAS concentrations (per doubling of concentration and by tertile) and gestational hypertension or preeclampsia. Linear mixed models were used to examine associations with changes in blood pressure throughout pregnancy.Results: Of 1739 participants, 90% were normotensive throughout pregnancy, 7% developed gestational hypertension, and 3% developed preeclampsia. In the full sample, neither PFOA nor PFOS were associated with gestational hypertension or preeclampsia. However, each doubling of PFHxS plasma concentration was associated with developing preeclampsia (OR = 1.32; 95%CI: 1.03, 1.70). In addition, participants in the highest PFHxS tertile (1.4 - 40.0 μg/L) had higher odds of developing preeclampsia relative to those in the lowest tertile (OR = 3.06; 95%CI: 1.27, 7.39). In stratified analyses, this effect was only apparent among women carrying a female fetus (OR = 4.90; 95%CI: 1.02, 22.3). However, among women carrying a male fetus, both PFOS and PFHxS were associated with gestational hypertension, but not preeclampsia. Higher concentrations of all three PFAS were associated with increases in diastolic blood pressure, while PFOA and PFHxS were associated with increases in systolic blood pressure.Conclusions: Higher levels of PFHxS were associated with the development of preeclampsia, but not gestational hypertension. Neither PFOA nor PFOS were associated with either outcome. However, we show, for the first time, that fetal sex may modify these associations, a finding which warrants replication and further study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".