Physical properties and isotopic characteristics of the winter water column and landfast sea-ice surrounding the Belcher Islands, southeast Hudson Bay
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The freshwater budget of Hudson Bay is governed by complex interactions between terrestrial, marine, and atmospheric systems. Inuit in Sanikiluaq have observed rapid freezing of flaw leads and polynyas around the Belcher Islands (southeast Hudson Bay) and have been seeking answers about what is contributing to this change. This study provides the first winter oceanographic observations of spatial and temporal distribution of freshwater in this region, using tandem measurements of salinity and δ18O from water and ice core samples to decipher freshwater sources (river water, sea-ice melt). River water and sea-ice melt contribute to the fresh surface mixed layer mainly present along the eastside of the islands, and is likely preventing downward mobility of dense briny waters that is locally made and advected in. In addition, the river water inventory increases as winter progresses, an unexpected result since the natural cadence of river runoff is low during the winter months.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".