Skeletal muscle apoptosis following 7 days of denervation‐induced muscle disuse
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chronic decreases in skeletal muscle contractile activity result in muscle atrophy, reduced force production and increased fatigue. However, the mechanisms of disuse‐induced activation of apoptotic signaling cascades which lead to atrophy are not fully established. To study these pathways C57BL/6 (WT) and Bax/Bak knockout (KO) animals were denervated for 7 days. This model of muscle disuse resulted in a decrease in mitochondrial respiration and a 2‐fold increase in the production of reactive oxygen species. Activity of the anti‐oxidant enzyme catalase was elevated by 2.5‐fold in subsarcolemmal (SS) mitochondria from WT and KO animals. Denervation resulted in higher cofilin levels within SS mitochondria, suggesting an increased rate of cofilin translocation from the cytosol. This translocation of cofilin may have contributed to the approximate 2‐fold increase in cleaved Poly‐ADP ribose polymerase (Parp) following disuse. Denervation also resulted in a 1.7‐fold increase in DNA fragmentation in WT animals, but no fragmentation was evident in the KO group. These data suggest that: 1) Bax and Bak contribute to the degree of DNA fragmentation following denervation and 2) chronic muscle disuse increases oxidative stress which stimulates the translocation of pro‐apoptotic proteins, such as cofilin, to promote protein release, and contribute to the loss of muscle mass. This work was supported by NSERC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".