A shift to predominant multi-year sea ice conditions in the Baffin Bay and North Atlantic Ocean during the Holocene-Glacial transition inferred from the EGRIP ice core
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Arctic sea ice has been melting at unprecedented rates in the past decades. Understanding past sea ice variability is of paramount importance to contextualize recent changes and constrain global climate models. Bromine enrichment (Brenr), relative to sea-water ratio, has been introduced as a proxy of first-year sea ice conditions within the ocean region influencing the ice core location (Spolaor et al., 2013). Brenr has been measured in ice cores from Greenland, that is the NEEM and RECAP cores. NEEM sea ice proxies are influenced by the region of the Canadian Arctic and Baffin Bay, while for the RECAP core it is mainly the North Atlantic Ocean. In this study we present the first high-resolution record of bromine enrichment from the EGRIP ice core in Greenland for the last 15.7 kyr BP, covering the Holocene-Glacial transition. From preliminary back-trajectory analyses we suggest that EGRIP sea ice proxy sources are located in a wide region in the Baffin Bay and North Atlantic Ocean. We find EGRIP Brenr values of ~1 during cold periods, that is the Younger Dryas (12.9 – 11.7 kyr BP) and the last part of the Oldest Dryas (15.7 – 14.7 kyr BP), which we associate with predominant multi-year sea ice conditions. During warmer periods, instead, we observe higher Brenr values, ~3 for the Bølling-Allerød period (14.7 – 12.9 kyr BP) and progressively higher values from the early Holocene onwards, likely associated with an increased seasonal sea ice area. EGRIP Brenr is consistent with NEEM and RECAP records and it has the potential to extend our knowledge on Arctic past sea ice variability. Bibliography Spolaor, A., Vallelonga, P., Plane, J. M. C., Kehrwald, N., Gabrieli, J., Varin, C., Turetta, C., Cozzi, G., Kumar, R., Boutron, C., and Barbante, C.: Halogen species record Antarctic sea ice extent over glacial–interglacial periods, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 6623–6635, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6623-2013, 2013.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".