Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Agrochemicals Use among Farmers in Kathmandu, Nepal
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background and purpose: High agricultural inputs such as chemical fertilizer and pesticides are unlikely to be sustainable for long unless the inputs are properly used in terms of both their quality and quantity. Because of limited knowledge and skills about the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, farmers are haphazardly using agrochemical, which not only disturbs the soil ecosystem, affecting the nutrient recycling process and decreases productivity, but also affects long-term human health. It has a potential connection to cancer, thyroid, and reproductive health in both humans and livestock. Heavy use of chemical herbicides, pesticides, and intensification of agricultural production during the past few decades has led to several harmful effects in surrounding areas of Kathmandu valley. In this context, this study was conducted to assess the farmer’s knowledge towards the use of agrochemicals, to explore the attitude, and practices methods of chemical fertilizer and pesticides in Sankhu and Machhegaun VDCs, Kathmandu, Nepal. As well, this study explored the famers’ self-reported problems associated with the use of agrochemicals. Materials and Methods: In this study, two sampling methods: purposive and snowball sampling was used to select 50 farmers from two villages in Kathmandu, Nepal. The data was obtained by interview and focus group discussion through structured questionnaires and checklists, which were analyzed with descriptive statistical tools. Results and conclusion: Almost half of the farmers (40%) access information about agrochemicals use from friends, elders, relatives, and other farmers followed by agrochemicals retailers and agriculture cooperatives (22%). All the farmers in the study area were aware of the hazards involved in agrochemicals and safety precautions. However, the majority of them (68%) ignored safety precautions while applying agrochemicals. Research revealed that females are more likely to use safety measures than males among those who used safety measures and the higher educational status of respondents plays a vital role in applying safety measures. The most common PPE used by slightly more than a quarter of farmers were rubber gloves, safety shoes, masks, hats, long-sleeved clothes, goggles, and respirators. Furthermore, only 26% of farmers have ever received some kind of training to use agrochemicals. All the farmers washed their hands with soap while only 18% of them took bath immediately after applying agrochemicals. Slightly more than half (52%) of the farmers stored agrochemicals in an unlocked cabinet inside the house and only 14% locked in the safe place outside. Almost half of the farmers (48%) threw away empty agrochemicals in the open space (48%) and 36% of them were reused for storage or other household purposes. Only 8% used the safe disposal procedure i.e., burn or bury. The common time interval (38%) between agrochemicals application and crop harvesting was between one to two weeks followed by two to three weeks (30%). More than half of the farmers (54%) reported that pest and insect activity increased after agrochemicals application. Similarly, some farmers also reported experiencing adverse impacts on their animals (14%) and the surrounding environment. The study revealed that the majority of the farmers 39 (78%) had ill-health symptoms after agrochemicals application. The most common symptoms experienced by them were eye irritation, headache, cough, skin rashes or allergy, vomiting, dizziness, and abdominal pain. Some farmers also reported chronic illnesses such as asthma and bronchitis. Inadequate knowledge and inappropriate practice have resulted in harmful consequences to the farmers' health and the surrounding environment. Based on the results of the study, training for farmers is strongly recommended to improve knowledge on agrochemical use, risk associated with agrochemical, safety precaution, safe storage and disposal and short and long-term health impact. Furthermore, to manage inappropriate disposal practices of the farmers, the local government should provide a common agrochemicals waste disposal site where there is no threat to public health and the environment. Key words: agrochemicals, pesticides, chemical fertilizer, human health, PPE, environment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.011 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".