The effect of simulated gut digestion (SGD) of various proteins on cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) release in an enteroendocrine cell line (STC‐1)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The satiating property of protein is partly due to its ability to stimulate release of gut hormones such as CCK & GLP‐1. STC‐1 enteroendocrine cells were used to determine whether CCK & GLP‐1 release vary by protein source (animal or vegetable) or processing by food enzymes. Proteins were subjected to simulated gut digestion (SGD) using pepsin & pancreatin. Soluble peptide fractions (2 mg/mL) were applied & incubated with STC‐1 cells to evaluate hormone secretion into media. CCK release was increased for the SGD‐proteins (dairy whey protein isolate (WPI), egg albumin, beef protein isolate (BPI), beef plasma protein, & soy protein isolate (SPI)) compared to their intact counterparts (p<0.0004), with SPI (1.6‐fold >; avg.) & BPI (1.4‐fold >; avg.) showing the greatest enhancement (p<0.0001). When BPI, SPI & SPI hydrolyzed by food enzymes (H‐SPI) were compared, the SGD‐proteins showed significantly greater CCK release than before digestion (p<0.001). Only SPI & H‐SPI showed increased GLP‐1 release after SGD (p<0.0001) & SGD‐BPI showed lower GLP‐1 release compared to the other proteins. The average fold stimulation of CCK & GLP‐1, respectively, after SGD was as follows: 1.3‐ & 1.2‐fold (H‐SPI >; SPI); 1.4‐ & 4.4‐fold (SPI >; BPI). In summary, protein‐induced stimulation of CCK & GLP‐1 release is greater for SPI & BPI compared to other sources tested after SGD & is further enhanced for SPI after food enzyme hydrolysis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".