Evaluating a theoretical and an empirical model of “side effects” in cancellous bone
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Accurate measurement of cancellous bone's apparent elastic modulus, E, is confounded by the experimental artefacts created when trabeculae are severed during specimen preparation. Although standardized axial testing protocols have been developed to deal with the so-called "end effects" caused by severed trabeculae at the loading surfaces, much less attention has been given to the "side effects" around the periphery and the specimen size dependence they create. Two models (one theoretical, one empirical) have been proposed in the literature to predict the reduction in E with decreasing specimen diameter. The current study used finite element method (FEM) modelling to analyze bovine cancellous bone from five different anatomic sites and quantify the changes in E that occurred with specimen diameter. The two models were adapted so that they could predict E based on diameter and architectural parameters (BV/TV, DA, Tb.Sp) alone, without requiring that a "true" modulus be known a priori. Both models fit the data equally well; however, the empirical model gives simpler estimations as a function of trabecular separation (Tb.Sp). A minimum diameter of 5-8 Tb.Sp is recommended.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".