Seasonal variations of ambient sound and ice draft in the Northwest Passage between 2018 and 2021
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Barrow Straight Real-time Observatory is a cabled underwater monitoring station operated by Fisheries and Oceans Canada in the Tallurutiup Imanga National Marine Conservation Area. The observatory measures temperature, salinity, pressure, dissolved oxygen, currents, ambient noise and ice draft. Every 2 h a hydrophone records a 1-min pressure time series and generates a spectrogram with a frequency range of 10–6390 Hz and time resolution of 1 s. The IPS generates a histogram of ice draft measurements every 2 h. Data are sent in near real-time to the Bedford Institute of Oceanography via satellite. The average monthly sound levels follow seasonal ice variations with higher frequencies varying more strongly with season than the lower frequencies and depend on the timing of ice melt and freeze-up. Ambient levels are higher in the summer during open water and quieter in the winter during periods of pack ice and shore fast ice. An autocorrelation of weekly noise levels over the ice freeze-up and complete cover periods reveal a ∼24 h periodic trend in noise at high frequencies (>1000 Hz) which is caused by tidally driven surface currents in combination with increased ice block collisions or increased stress in the shore fast sea ice.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".