Covert racism: the case of Ghanaian immigrant entrepreneurs in three Canadian Prairie Provinces
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The manifestation of racism comes in two forms: overt and covert. While overt racism constitutes a blatant expression of discrimination against minorities, covert racism is a subtler form of racial discrimination that is often disguised. Canada’s Constitution and federal policy commitments to multiculturalism have resulted in a general diminution of overt structural forms of racism. Despite these norms, covert racism remains intractable. The impact of covert racism is manifested in various forms on visible minorities including denial of assistance, especially in service institutions. Using in-depth interviews, this paper explores Ghanaian immigrant entrepreneurs’ encounters with covert racism in the Canadian Prairie Provinces. The study finds that subtle racial discrimination through racial profiling and colourblind racism has negatively affected their business operations such as loss of clients. The paper concludes that even though overt racism has become unacceptable in Canada, covert racism continues to undermine economic success and growth for immigrant entrepreneurs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".