Gestational phthalate exposures and bone mineral density in early adolescence: the HOME Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background/Aim: Phthalate exposures have been associated with lower areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and osteoporosis in adults. Although early life may be a period of heightened susceptibility to environmental osteotoxicants, we are unaware of any studies of phthalate exposures in utero and aBMD in children. Thus, we examined gestational phthalate exposures and early adolescent aBMD in a prospective birth cohort study. Methods: We used data from 225 pregnant mothers and their children enrolled in a Cincinnati, OH area cohort from 2003-2006. We measured monobutyl phthalate (MnBP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP), and four metabolites of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in maternal urine collected at 16- and 26-weeks gestation and calculated the average of creatinine-adjusted concentrations. We measured children’s femoral neck, distal forearm (1/3 radius), spine, total hip, and total body (excluding head) aBMD with dual x-ray absorptiometry at 12 years of age and calculated height-, age-, sex-, and race-specific aBMD z-scores. We estimated covariate-adjusted associations per 2-fold increase in maternal urinary phthalate concentrations and assessed effect measure modification (EMM) by child’s sex using sex-stratified models. Results: In adjusted analyses, higher MCPP and MEP concentrations were associated with greater aBMD at all sites with estimates generally stronger for MCPP. For example, associations of MCPP and MEP concentrations with total hip aBMD z-score were 0.16 (95% CI: 0.01, 0.32) and 0.09 (95% CI: 0.01, 0.17), respectively. Sex modified urinary MEP and MiBP concentration’s associations with spine aBMD. Higher MEP concentrations were associated with greater spine aBMD z-score in males (β = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.30; EMM p-value 0.06) while higher MiBP concentrations were associated with greater spine aBMD z-score in females (β = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.41; EMM p-value 0.07). Conclusions: Gestational phthalate exposures may increase bone mineral density in early adolescence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".