Edge-Based Finite Element Formulation of Magnetohydrodynamics at High Mach Numbers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the context of the development of HALO3D (High Altitude Low Orbit 3D), an edge-based Finite Element Method multidisciplinary solver for hypersonic flows, this paper presents the simulation of flows with an imposed magnetic field. Applying the low-magnetic Reynolds number approximation, a current-continuity equation replaces Maxwell's equations with the Hall effect introduced through an electrical conductivity tensor. The approach is validated via the simulation of ionized flow through singly-paired segmented electrodes. Viscous, ionized flow simulations over a hemisphere at Mach 21.38 and over the OREX (Orbital Re-entry Experiment) capsule at Mach 17.61 are also presented. The 3D unstructured hybrid meshes used for these cases are optimized with a highly anisotropic methodology based on the Hessians of the solution, combining multi-physics adaptation criteria such as density, pressure, temperature, velocity, turbulent viscosity and electric potential. Unlike uniform mesh refinement or gradient-based mesh enrichment, this approach greatly improves accuracy without increasing mesh size.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".