Oxidative protein modification of soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor attachment protein receptors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Evidence suggests that bipolar disorder is a progressive disease with imbalanced neurotransmission. Recent studies indicated that mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with this disorder. Mitochondria are enriched in the synaptic terminals. Mitochondrial dysfunction is the major source for production of reactive oxygen species that may induce oxidative modification of synaptic proteins. Soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs), including synaptosomal‐associated protein 25 (SNAP25), syntaxin and synaptobrevin, play critical roles in neurotransmission. Using immunoprecipitation followed by immunoblotting analysis, we found that hydroxyl radical increased carbonylation of SNAP25 and syntaxin in rat cerebral cortex. Using co‐immunoprecipitation, we found that hydroxyl radical decreased interaction between SNAP25 and syntaxin. In addition, we found that 4‐hydroxynonenal (4‐HNE), an end product of lipid peroxidation, can form protein adducts with SNAP25 in rat cerebral cortex. We also found that chronic treatment with mood stabilizing drug lithium inhibited 4‐HNE‐SNAP25 adduction. Since SNAP25, syntaxin and synaptobrevin form SNARE protein complex that plays a significant role in neurotransmitter release, our results suggest that oxidative modification of these proteins may contribute to imbalanced neurotransmission in bipolar disorder.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".