Schizophrenia polygenic risk during typical development reflects multiscale cortical organization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Schizophrenia is widely recognized as a neurodevelopmental disorder. Abnormal cortical development may by revealed using polygenic risk scoring for schizophrenia (PRS-SCZ). We assessed PRS-SCZ and cortical morphometry in typically developing children (3–21 years) using whole genome genotyping and T1-weighted MRI (n=390) from the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition and Genetics (PING) cohort. We contextualise the findings using (i) age-matched transcriptomics, (ii) histologically-defined cytoarchitectural types and functionally-defined networks, (iii) case-control differences of schizophrenia and other major psychiatric disorders. Higher PRS-SCZ was associated with greater cortical thickness, which was most prominent in areas with heightened gene expression of dendrites and synapses. PRS-SCZ related increases in vertex-wise cortical thickness were especially focused in the ventral attention network, while koniocortical type cortex (i.e. primary sensory areas) was relatively conserved from PRS-SCZ related differences. The large-scale pattern of cortical thickness increases related to PRS-SCZ mirrored the pattern of cortical thinning in schizophrenia and mood-related psychiatric disorders. Age group models illustrate a possible trajectory from PRS-SCZ associated cortical thickness increases in early childhood towards thinning in late adolescence, which resembles the adult brain phenotype of schizophrenia. Collectively, combining imaging-genetics with multi-scale mapping, our work provides novel insight into how genetic risk for schizophrenia impacts the cortex early in life.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".