Differential Incorporation of Alpha-Linolenic Acid Into Phospholipid Classes in H4IIE Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential fatty acid found in plant-based oils, with health benefits attributed to its metabolic conversion to very-long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Other routes of cellular ALA metabolism exist, but much of our knowledge of ALA metabolism stems from dated analytical techniques. Essential fatty acids are present in cells primarily as fatty acyls, glycerolipids, and glycerophospholipids, but finer details of ALA metabolism remain unexplored. The current study used unbiased metabolomics to profile the ALA metabolites produced in liver cells after treatment with ALA. H4IIE hepatoma cells were incubated with or without 60 μM ALA for 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, 260, 480, and 720 minutes. Samples were extracted and prepared for HPLC/LC-QTOF-MS analysis. MS data acquisitions were completed in both positive and negative modes. Data were analyzed with 2-way ANOVA (ALA and time as factors) followed by Bonferroni FWER corrections for multiple comparisons. Differences with p < 0.05 were considered significant. Among the metabolites detected, differences in patterns of ALA-containing phospholipids (PLs) were observed with ALA treatment. Consistent with a high proportion of phosphatidylcholine (PC) in mammalian cell membranes, ALA-containing PCs such as PC(18:3/18:3), PC(18:3/18:4), lysoPC(18:3/0:0), and PC(18:3/18:1) were significantly higher in ALA-treated cells at most time points. In addition, several phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) species with ALA were significantly higher in ALA-treated cells, including PE(18:3/18:3), PE(18:3/18:2), PE(18:3/16:0), PE(18:3/20:5), and PE(18:3/22:6). To a lesser degree, ALA was also found in phosphatidylserine (PS)(18:3/20:5), lysoPS(18:3/0:0), lysophosphatidylglycerol (18:3/0:0) and phosphatidic acid (PA)(18:3/18:2) and PA(18:3/22:6), suggesting that ALA incorporation into PLs is not limited to PC, contrary to the current known pathways of ALA metabolism. Based on these results, there appears to be a preference for incorporation of ALA into PC and PE; however, ALA is also incorporated into PS, PG, and PA. Given the role of different PLs, and functionality based on their fatty acyl composition, future studies will explore the functional outcomes of ALA incorporation into different PL classes. NSERC Discovery Grant
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".