Prenatal phthalate exposures and anthropometryduring adolescence: The HOME Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background/Aim: Phthalate exposures are ubiquitous in pregnant women and may be obesogenic. Although excess adolescent adiposity predicts obesity and cardiometabolic diseases during adulthood, few studies have examined associations between prenatal phthalate exposures and anthropometric outcomes during adolescence. We investigated the relationships between prenatal phthalate exposures and anthropometry at age 12 years.Methods: We used data from 219 mother-child pairs enrolled in the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study, a prospective pregnancy and birth cohort enrolled in Cincinnati, OH from 2003-2006. We measured monobutyl phthalate (MnBP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP), and four metabolites of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in maternal urine samples collected at 16 and 26 weeks of pregnancy. At age 12 years, we measured child weight and height. We used multivariable linear regression to estimate covariate-adjusted associations of a 10-fold increase in average maternal urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations with age- and sex- standardized height, weight, and BMI z-scores. We assessed effect measure modification (EMM) by child sex using stratified models.Results: In adjusted analyses, maternal urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations were not associated with height, weight, or BMI z-scores in the overall sample. However, associations of MBzP concentrations with all anthropometry z-scores were modified by child sex, with lower z-scores among girls, but not boys. For example, a 10-fold increase in MBzP concentrations was associated with lower BMI z-scores in girls (β=-0.4; 95% CI: -0.9, 0.0) but not boys (β=0.2; 95% CI: -0.3, 0.7; EMM p-value=0.09). Additionally, a 10-fold increase in MiBP was associated with increased height z-scores among boys (β=0.7; 95% CI: 0.1, 1.3), but not girls (β=0.0; 95% CI: -0.6, 0.5; EMM p-value=0.09).Conclusions: In this prospective cohort study, higher prenatal phthalate exposures were not associated with adolescent anthropometry, but there may be sex-specific effects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".