1,500-yr record of paleotsunamis impacting Ahuriri Lagoon (Hawke's Bay), New Zealand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tsunamis pose great hazards to many of the world's coastlines such as the Cascadia Subduction Zone located offshore Vancouver Island. Subduction zones are responsible for devastating earthquakes and tsunamis such as the 2004 Indian Ocean and 2011 Tohoku events. Historical records of tsunamis along the Hikurangi Subduction Margin (offshore New Zealand) date back to 1855 while indigenous knowledge points to older events for which there are no dates. The sparsity of historical records in New Zealand restricts our understanding of earthquakes and tsunamis over longer timescales. Using the geologic record, this study expands the history of past tsunamis over a 1,500-year interval, filling a significant knowledge gap in our understanding of seismic hazards along the Hikurangi Subduction Margin. My field site in Ahuriri Lagoon experienced a 7.6 magnitude earthquake in 1931 that devastated the city and caused the lagoon to become uplifted above the ground. In this study, two sediment cores were obtained from the uplifted lagoon and were investigated for high resolution grain size and geochronological information. The stratigraphy of the cores displays three distinct shell units that are interpreted to be tsunami deposits because of the abundance of allochthonous marine molluscs. Grain size data generated by this study provides supporting evidence for tsunami inundation while radiocarbon dating provides a recurrence interval of approximately 500 years for large tsunamis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".