Temporal dynamics of hydraulic fracturing and water use: a case study from Northwestern Alberta, Canada
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The practice of hydraulic fracturing, an unconventional oil and gas extraction method, has increased significantly in North America. This study presents the temporal dynamics of hydraulically fractured wells and water use from a two-year (2013 and 2014) case study of 432 wells in Northwestern Alberta, Canada. The number of hydraulically fractured wells was greater in all but two months in 2014 compared to 2013. Water consumption not only depended on the number of wells, but also on the type of rock formation, how deep and how many stages were required to fracture the targeted formation. The average water consumption per well was 3,671 m3. The majority (52%) of total water consumption occurred during low flow periods. We recommend monitoring nearby water sources to develop sustainable water resources management plans for hydraulic fracturing to minimise substantial negative impacts on water sources during low flow periods.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it