Ion regulation in eurythermic teleost fish Fundulus heteroclitus: Cold shock vs. cold acclimation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Killifish overwinter (0–5°C) by decreasing activity and metabolic rate and yet they retain ability to ion/osmoregulate. Fish were acclimated to seawater (32 ppt) at 5°C and 20°C (8+ weeks); cold shock of 20°C opercular epithelia in vitro reversibly decreased Clsecretion by 90% (as short‐circuit current, SCC) and membranes failed to respond to hypotonic shock, IBMX/db‐cAMP (0.1 mM) or isoproterenol (1.0 μM). Opercular epithelia from cold‐acclimated fish also had low transport rates, but were able to respond normally, i.e. rapid inhibition of SCC by hypotonic shock and SCC stimulation by IBMX/db‐cAMP and isoproterenol. Cold acclimation caused homeoviscous adaptive changes, increased fatty acid unsaturation and increased short chain ( e.g. reduced C18:0 and increased C14:0, C18:1) to maintain membrane fluidity. Cooling in vitro to 1°C induced a sharp bend in Arrhenius plots below 8°C for warm (Q 10 = 6.9) and cold (Q 10 = 4.2) acclimated fish, but these nonlinearities were markedly reduced (to Q 10 = 2.9) by anaerobiosis and cyanide (0.5 mM), indicating mitochondrial inner membrane ATP production as source of the transition. In the cold, Fundulus markedly reduce ion transport rates but maintain regulatory control of ion transport through homeoviscous adaptation. Supported by NSERC, CFI and UCR.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".