A Novel Approach of Friction Stir Cladding of Aluminum on Carbon Steel Plate; Experimental Investigation and Material Characterization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Cladding is usually used to improve the material functionality (i.e. corrosion, wear, and oxidation) and to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of the components in different industries. In this study, a new cladding approach based on the friction stir processing was successfully employed on carbon steel plate with 6061-T6 Aluminum alloy. The mechanical and metallurgical properties of the cladding layer were examined at different process parameters. Metallurgical investigation of ST/Al interface was also evaluated using the Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Optical microscope (OM). Two alloys were mixed uniformly together in the proper process conditions. Based on the results, the decrease of rotational speed from 1200 rpm to 800 rpm at a constant traverse speed of 15 mm/min, the cladding strength increased from 3.7 KN to 4.8 KN. At constant rotational speed of 800 rpm, with an increase in traverse speed from 15 mm/min to 35 mm/min, the cladding strength increased from 4.8 KN to 6.6 KN.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".