A compact 100 GHz femtojoule silicon-organic hybrid modulator based on a novel Mach–Zehnder interferometer design
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this paper, a high-speed, low-power and compact silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) modulator operating at the telecom wavelength is presented. The modulator is based on the mature and widespread silicon-on-insulator technology with a device layer of 220 nm. The proposed design utilizes a slot waveguide in a loop-terminated Mach–Zehnder interferometer (LT-MZI) configuration. The LT-MZI is twice as compact as the conventional MZI. Accordingly, the LT-MZI modulator exhibits a reduction in capacitance by a factor of two, which subsequently enhances the modulator speed and power consumption by a factor of two. An electro-optic polymer is used as it exhibits fast and strong electro-optic effects. Finite element and finite difference simulations show that for a driving voltage of only 0.5 V our modulator arms’ length is as low as 167 µ m resulting in a V π × L product of only 0.084 V mm, 10.41 fF capacitance and up to 100 GHz speed with corresponding energy consumption of only 6.755 fJ bit −1 . Results based on 3D finite difference time domain simulation show that our modulator can work over a large optical bandwidth of 60 nm with an extinction ratio (ER) greater than 23 dB and insertion loss (IL) less than 1.7 dB, reaching ER = 40 dB and IL = 1.15 dB at λ = 1.55 µ m.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it