A review of <i>Cyclospora cayetanensis</i> in animals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Cyclosporiasis is a global, emerging disease in humans caused by Cyclospora cayetanensis. The role of animals in the epidemiology of cyclosporiasis is not fully understood. We conducted a narrative review of the published literature on C. cayetanensis in animals. MEDLINE® (Web of Science™), Agricola (ProQuest), CABI Global Health (1979 to December 2020) and Food Science and Technology Abstracts (EBSCOhost) (1979 to February 2020) were searched. Studies of C. cayetanensis in or on any species of animal were eligible. Thirteen relevant studies were found. C. cayetanensis was found in wild and farmed Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), wild grooved carpet shell clams (Ruditapes decussatus) and in the faeces of dogs (domestic and street), wild chickens, wild rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) from a wildlife research centre, and Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) from an experimental primate research centre. As the small intestines of the naturally exposed animals were not biopsied, existence of a natural animal reservoir of C. cayetanensis could not be confirmed. Animals shedding oocysts in their faeces may be paratenic hosts. Investigators were able to successfully infect the following animals with C. cayetanensis: oysters, Asian freshwater clams (Corbicula fluminea), Swiss albino mice and guinea pigs. Future non‐laboratory studies of animals should use PCR coupled with DNA sequencing to confirm that the species found is C. cayetanensis. The potential role of animals in the transport of oocysts and contamination of food, water, and soil could be explored through future primary research.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.010 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".