Human vascular smooth muscle cells from diabetic patients are resistant to induced apoptosis due to high Bcl‐2 expression
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aim Our aim was to study whether arteries and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) isolated from diabetic patients exhibit resistance to apoptosis. Internal mammary arteries (IMS) were obtained from patients who had undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Results Arteries from diabetic patients showed increasing levels of Bcl‐2 expression in the media layer measured by immunofluorescence and by Western blotting. VSMC from diabetic patients showed resistance to apoptosis measured as DNA fragmentation and caspase‐3 activation, induced by C‐reactive protein. The diabetic cells also exhibited overexpression of Bcl‐2. Consistent with the above we found that pretreatment of non diabetic VSMC with high glucose abolished the degradation of Bcl‐2 induced by C‐reactive protein. Conclusion We have presented new data which enhance our understanding of the mechanisms which underlie vascular remodeling in diabetic patients and form the basis for discovering promising targets for new drugs to prevent the vascular complications in type 2 Diabetes. This work was funded by Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias FISS 01/0815 and by RECAVA C03/01(Health Research Fund from the Spanish Ministry of Health). We thank the Cardiac Surgery Service (Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid) for providing us with the IMS
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".