Triton X‐100 inhibits L‐type voltage‐operated calcium channels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Triton X‐100 (TX‐100) is a non‐ionic detergent widely used for bioassay studies. We have used electrophysiological and functional techniques to examine the effects of TX‐100 on L‐type voltage operated calcium channel (VOCC) activity in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), cardiac myocytes and pancreatic β‐cells, cell types in which these channels play a critical functional role. TX‐100 (1.6 μM) reversibly inhibited (p<0.01) currents due to expression of recombinant L‐type VOCCs (CaV 1.2 ) reducing peak currents as compared to control. TX‐100 (1.6 μM) also reversibly inhibited (p<0.01) native L‐type VOCC currents from rat VSMCs and cardiac myocytes, and murine and human pancreatic β‐cells reducing peak currents as compared to control. In functional studies, TX‐100 (165 nM‐3.4 μM) caused concentration‐dependent relaxation of rat mesenteric arteries independent of the endothelium. TX‐100 (1.6 μM) also inhibited depolarization‐induced exocytosis in murine and human isolated pancreatic β‐cells. These data indicate that low micromolar concentrations of TX‐100 significantly inhibit L‐type VOCC activity in a number of cell types, an effect paralleled by inhibition of cell functions dependent upon activation of these channels. As this inhibitory effect occurs at concentrations below those used to solubilize proteins and lipophilic agents, it may preclude the use of TX‐100 in some bioassays.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".