Dynamic Conformational Changes of Calmodulin when Bound to Nitric Oxide Synthase using FRET
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) is a ubiquitous Ca2+‐sensor protein that binds and activates the Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) enzymes (E.C. ). Although the structure of CaM has been determined when bound to a peptide derived from the CaM‐binding domain of endothelial NOS, the conformation of CaM when bound to the three mammalian NOS holoenzymes has yet to be determined. The objective of this study is to determine the dynamic conformational changes of CaM when bound to all three NOS isoforms through the use of Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET). We have produced a double cysteine CaM mutant (T34C/T110C) using site‐directed mutagenesis for the performance of FRET measurements. Far‐red shifted fluorescent dyes were employed so that they could be selectively excited in the presence of the NOS cofactors that absorb light strongly between 250 and 500 nm. FRET studies were performed in the presence of a range of physiologically relevant free Ca2+ concentrations for CaM binding to the constitutive NOS enzymes. These studies will provide a better understanding of the differences between the Ca2+‐dependent and Ca2+‐independent binding of CaM to the NOS isozymes. This work is supported by NSERC (J.G.G.).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".