Chloroquine, an Activator of Bitter Taste Receptors, Relaxed Male Guinea Pig Gallbladder Strips
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Taste receptor cells are present in several extra‐oral locations such as the gut, human airway smooth muscle, vascular smooth muscle, and myometrial smooth muscle. A pharmacologic approach was used. The purpose of this study was to determine if the motility of the gallbladder was affected by a bitter tastant such as chloroquine (ChQ). ChQ relaxed both cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK)‐ and KCl‐induced tension in a concentration dependent manner. There was no significant difference in the amount of ChQ‐induced relaxation of either CCK (1.0 nM) ‐ or KCl (40 mM)‐induced tension at any concentration of ChQ used (50, 100, 150, and 200 mM). In some strips ChQ induced a transient tension (0.4 g lasting 1.4min). To determine if ChQ inhibited extracellular Ca 2+ entry, ChQ was added to the chambers prior to the CCK a significant decrease in the amount of CCK‐induced tension was observed (1.12±0.08 vs. 0.9±0.06 g, n=4, p<0.001). A similar result was observed when KCl was used (1.12±0.1 vs. 0.7±0.1 g, n=4, p<0.001). Penitrem A, a blocker of high conductance Ca 2+ activated K + channels, decreased the amount of ChQ‐induced relaxation (34.5±4.3 vs. 27.0±3.2%, n=3, p<0.02). Bisindolylmaleimide IV (BIM) and chelerythrine Cl − were used together to block PKC. They significantly decreased the amount of ChQ‐induced relaxation (23.8±3.2 vs. 18.9±3.0%, n=3, p<0.03). Neither PKA‐IM, a PKA blocker, nor KT5823, a PKG blocker, had a significant effect on the amount of ChQ‐induced relaxation. ChQ relaxed guinea pig gallbladder strips by blocking extracellular Ca 2+ entry and blocked the actions of PKC. Support or Funding Information This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not‐for‐profit sectors. This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".