Groundwater processes and properties of surficial deposits in the Canadian Rockies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Alpine surficial deposits such as moraine and talus are important conduits and reservoirs of groundwater and are capable of contributing large fractions of stream runoff. This work describes a combined fieldwork and modeling investigation, aimed toward characterizing the properties and hydrogeological function of various surficial deposits present within a headwater watershed in the Canadian Rockies. Hydrogeological properties such as hydraulic conductivity are highly heterogeneous between and even within surficial deposits. However, a moraine deposit located at the watershed outlet has a dominant influence on groundwater storage and flow. Restriction of discharge by this moraine “gatekeeper” has the effect of bolstering storage and baseflows over the low flow period. The function of this gatekeeper may also allow watershed-scale behavior to be well represented by simple relationships and data-frugal models which do not require detailed characterization of a site. Optimal model design must carefully select a level of complexity to avoid swinging between being over-parameterized and overly simplistic.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".