Folic acid supplementation inhibits NADPH oxidase‐mediated superoxide anion production in the kidney
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), a condition of elevated blood homocysteine (Hcy) levels, is a metabolic disease. Our recent studies indicate that HHcy can lead to renal injury by inducing oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is one of the important mechanisms contributing to Hcy‐induced tissue injury. Folic acid supplementation is regarded as a promising approach for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease associated with HHcy due to its Hcy lowering effect. However, its effect on the kidney is not clear. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of folic acid supplementation on Hcy‐induced superoxide anion production via NADPH oxidase in the kidney. HHcy was induced in male SD rats fed a high‐methionine diet for 12 wk with or without folic acid supplementation. There was a significant increase in NADPH oxidase‐mediated superoxide production and lipid peroxidation in HHcy rats. Folic acid supplementation effectively antagonized HHcy‐induced oxidative stress. Inhibitory effect of folic acid on NADPH oxidase activation was mediated through inhibition of NOX4 and p22phox expression. In addition, folic acid supplementation attenuated xanthine oxidase activity and restored SOD activity in the kidney. These results suggest that folic acid supplementation may offer renal protective effect against oxidative stress. (This study was supported by NSERC)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".