Anoxia‐tolerant Western Painted turtle cortex is also ischemia‐tolerant
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Anoxic or ischemic insults cause immediate hyper‐excitability and cell death in mammalian neurons. Conversely, in Western painted turtle brain, increased GABAergic inhibition suppresses spontaneous electrical activity during anoxia (i.e. spike arrest), and cell death does not occur. To date, the ischemia‐tolerance of turtle neurons has not been investigated, and so to examine this question we treated turtle cortical sheets with a deleterious in vitro mimic of ischemic mammalian brain. We found that ischemia caused: turtle neuronal membrane potential to depolarize from −92 ± 2 to −28 ± 3 mV for the duration of the stress (20 or 60 mins); E GABA to depolarize from −89 ± 1 to −32 ± 3 mV; and input resistance to decrease from 305 ± 33 to 79 ± 12 MΩ. These results suggest that enhanced activation of inhibitory GABAergic mechanisms may also suppress electrical activity in ischemic cortex. Indeed, ischemic neurons were electrically quiet, action potentials could not be elicited, and all changes were reversed to baseline following 20–40 mins re‐perfusion with normoxic ACSF. Furthermore, following 4‐hrs of ischemia, neurons did not exhibit any apparent damage in viability assays; while at 24‐hrs, only early indicators of apoptosis were present. We conclude that anoxia‐tolerant turtle neurons are also ischemia‐tolerant, and that GABAergic inhibition plays a role in this protection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".