Elevated Plasma Free Fatty Acid Susceptible to Early Cognitive Impairment in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Elevated free fatty acid (FFA) induces lipotoxicity, attributed to diabetes and cognitive decline. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) regulates lipid metabolism. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the roles of FFA in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and determine its association with rs11868035 polymorphism. METHODS: We recruited 191 Chinese T2DM patients into two groups through Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Demographic and clinical data were collected, multiple domain cognitive functions were tested, plasma FFA levels were measured through ELISA, and SREBP-1c rs11868035 genotype was detected using the Seqnome method. RESULTS: In comparison with the healthy-cognition group (n = 128), the MCI group (n = 63) displayed lower glucose control (p = 0.012) and higher plasma FFA level (p = 0.021), which were independent risk factors of MCI in T2DM patients in multivariate regression analysis (OR = 1.270, p = 0.003; OR = 1.005, p = 0.036). Additionally, the plasma FFA levels of MCI patients were positively correlated with Stroop color word test-C time scores (r = 0.303, p = 0.021) and negatively related to apolipoprotein A1 levels (r = -0.311, p = 0.017), which are associated positively with verbal fluency test scores (r = 0.281, p = 0.033). Both scores reflected attention ability and executive function. Moreover, the G allele carriers of rs11868035 showed higher digit span test scores than non-carriers in T2DM patients (p = 0.019) but without correlation with plasma FFA levels. CONCLUSION: In T2DM, elevated plasma level of FFA, when combined with lower apolipoprotein A1 level portends abnormal cholesterol transport, were susceptible to early cognitive impairment, especially for attention and execution deficits. The G allele of SREBP-1c rs11868035 may be a protective factor for memory.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".