Luteolin Relaxes Cholecystokinin‐Induced Tension in Guinea PIg Gallbladder Strips
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Luteolin, a flavone, is found in celery, broccoli, green pepper, parsley, carrots, and olive oil. Luteolin was shown to relax rat aortic rings by stimulating the release of nitric oxide (NO) and rat thoracic aortic strips by blocking intracellular Ca 2+ release and activating K + channels. The purpose of this study was to determine if luteolin had an effect on gallbladder motility. An in vitro technique was used to determine which system(s) mediated the relaxation. Both paired t‐tests and analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis; differences between mean values of p<0.05 were considered significant. Luteolin relaxed cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK)‐induced tension in male guinea pig gallbladder strips in a concentration‐dependent manner. Adding luteolin prior to either CCK or KCl produced a significant decrease in the amount of tension (0.99±0.07 g vs. 0.82 + 0.09 g CCK [p<0.02]; 1.1±0.09 g vs. 0.97±0.08 g KCl [p<0.001]. The protein kinase A blocker, PKA inhibitor 14–22 amide myristolated, significantly (p<0.01) reduced the amount of luteolin‐induced relaxation (53.9±3.9% vs. 46.5±4.3%). The blocker of intracellular Ca 2+ release, 2‐APB, significantly (p<0.001) decreased the amount of luteolin‐induced relaxation (55.9±5.3% vs. 28.9±4.6%). Neither tetraethylammonium (TEA), a non‐selective K + channel blocker; NO synthase blocker, L‐NAME; KT5823, blocker of protein kinase G; bisindolymaleimide IV and chelerythrine Cl − were used together and are blockers of PKC; fulvestrant, an estrogen receptor blocker; nor genistein, a protein tyrosine kinase blocker had a significant effect on the luteolininduced relaxation. The luteolin‐induced relaxation of CCK‐ or KCl‐induced tension was mediated by blocking extracellular Ca 2+ entry which affected downstream events such as intracellular Ca 2+ release, and the activation of protein kinase A. Th. Support or Funding Information This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not‐for‐profit sectors. This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".