Origin of suprascapular and lateral pectoral nerves from the brachial plexus: surgical vs anatomical findings
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Most frequently the suprascapular nerve (SSN) is described as originating from the superior trunk (ST), and the lateral pectoral nerve (LPN) from the lateral cord (LC). However, during brachial plexus (BP) neurotization surgery the SSN and LPN are commonly observed to originate from the divisions. The purpose of this study is to define the origin of SSN and LPN. The BP was exposed with 3.5× loupe magnification, as used during surgery, in 10 Thiel and 20 formalin‐embalmed specimens. The origins of the SSN and LPN were documented; the BP was digitized and the data modeled in Autodesk MAYA®. The models were used to visualize and quantify the origins of SSN and LPN. The SSN originated from: (1) posterior division of ST 63.4%; (2) point of bifurcation of ST into divisions 23.3%; (3) C5 root 13.3%. Distance from the origin of SSN to bifurcation of ST ranges from 0 – 16mm. All 30 LPNs originated proximal to the LC, arising from: (1) middle trunk (MT) and anterior division of ST 86.6%; (2) anterior division of ST 13.3%; (3) MT 3.4%. Distance from the origin of LPN to the formation of LC ranges from 6 – 43mm. As observed in surgery, the origin of the SSN is more distal than defined in the literature, and the LPN more proximal. This may be due to maintenance of epineural integrity during surgery but not in traditional studies where nerves may appear to originate more distally or proximally. Renewed study of BP with attention to epineural integrity is needed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".