Human MUC2 mucin inhibits the antimicrobial activity of β‐defensin 2
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is layered by a barrier composed of MUC2 mucin produced by goblet cells and β‐defensin 2, an inducible peptide produced by epithelial cells that exhibits antimicrobial and chemotactic activity. Bacteria infections and Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's diseases are associated with less MUC2 and altered defensin expression. In this study, we quantified the interaction between MUC2 mucin and β‐defensins. Human colonic mucin co‐incubated with β‐defensin 2 impaired defensin antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli . However, addition of mucin 10–30 minutes following bacterial incubation with β‐defensin 2 did not alter antimicrobial activity. Mucin protective function on bacteria was partially abrogated by digesting the mucin terminal sialic acid residues with neuraminidases and oxidizing carbohydrate residues with sodium metaperiodate. Expression of murine β‐defensin 4 mRNA, an orthologue of human β‐defensin 2, was constitutively increased in the colons of mice deficient in MUC2 ( Muc2 −/− ) and in dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis. These studies suggest that MUC2 abrogates the antimicrobial effect of β‐defensin in the intestinal mucosa by binding bacteria and therefore, mucin may shape the normal microflora by limiting β‐defensin antimicrobial activity. In contrast, β‐defensins are up regulated during mucosal damage when the mucus barrier is breached.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".