The spectrin cytoskeleton is required for efficient intestinal bacterial infections
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Crucial aspects of bacterial pathogenesis such as the invasion of host cells and cell‐to‐cell transmission require the hijacking of host cell cytoskeletal systems. Although much work has examined the role of the actin cytoskeleton during numerous bacterial infections, the involvement of the spectrin cytoskeleton has remained overlooked. The spectrin cytoskeleton is required for many cellular processes including cell motility, organization of the plasma membrane and epithelial cell polarization. To determine whether this cytoskeletal system influenced microbial infections we tested the hypothesis that bacterial pathogens control the spectrin cytoskeleton as part of their disease processes. To test this hypothesis we utilized cell biological techniques including the immunolocalization of spectrin cytoskeletal components and RNA interference, and coupled these analyses with microbiological techniques such as wild‐type and mutant bacterial infections, invasion assays and colonization experiments. We found that the spectrin cytoskeletal network was integral for Salmonella , Listeria , Shigella and pathogenic E. coli infections. We showed that host cell invasion and the generation of bacterial motility structures during infections required spectrin cytoskeletal components and knockdown of specific spectrin‐associated proteins haulted Listeria , Shigella and Salmonella internalization as well as pathogenic E. coli attachment to host cells, thus impeding the infections. These findings demonstrate that the spectrin cytoskeleton is essential for bacterial pathogenesis and could be used as a target for future therapeutics. This work was funded through NSERC and the CIHR. Grant Funding Source : CIHR and NSERC
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".