Bibliographic record
Abstract
This thesis breaks away from the Sino-centric ideas in terms of politics and commerce to see Vietnam as a dynamic partner of Singapore’s trade. While the outbreak of the First Opium War created, to some extent, ruptures in the mid-nineteenth century Sino-Vietnamese trade, the opening of Singapore in 1819 attracted merchants from Vietnam, and a considerable number of Vietnam-based junks and boats of large and small sizes visited to this settlement for business. Nguyễn Vietnam’s overseas trade with the Nanyang in the precolonial period, nevertheless, has received little attention from scholars, which leaves a feeling that Vietnam’s commerce with the other Southeast Asian countries was insignificant. This study aims to provide a broader picture of a dynamic Vietnamese trade in intra-Asia commercial networks through a quantitative and qualitative analysis. This thesis attempts to explore the possibility that there was a new era of Vietnam’s commercial history: while eighteenth-and early-nineteenth-century Vietnam relied on Chinese junks for its trade with other parts of Southeast Asia, the second quarter of the nineteenth century saw a rise in Vietnamese owned shipping in the Nanyang. Vietnamese players came to play a more active role in the maritime trade. The Vietnam-Southeast Asia trade came to be dominated by three groups: the Vietnamese King’s ships, the Vietnamese-owned topes , and the junks owned by Chinese settlers in Vietnam. However, the gap in the history of these commercial relations in the late 1830s and 1840s poses a question that this thesis seeks to answer: who was driving the Nguyễn Vietnam-Singapore trade in the context of the Vietnamese government’s trading restrictions. A quantitative method will be adopted in this thesis to see how the Vietnamese government, the local Vietnamese, and the Chinese settlers contributed to the Vietnam-Singapore trade from1820 to 1847. Following the rise of local Vietnamese tope trade in the Malay Peninsula, the study investigates the commercial participation of the natives and the Chinese settlers, showing how the latter gradually escaped the royal prohibitions and sought their trading opportunities through the operation of the Nguyễn’s Tào vận.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".