Inhibition of H1299 Human Lung Cancer Cell Proliferation and Survival by Carnosic Acid is Associated with Akt Inhibition and AMPK Activation.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents a very aggressive form of lung cancer and is characterized by resistance to chemo‐ and radiotherapy thus, finding new ways to inhibit NSCLC cell proliferation and survival is very important. Carnosic acid (CA) is a phytochemical found in rosemary, a frequently used herb which is regarded as safe for consumption. Phytochemicals represent an important opportunity to explore new agents with chemotherapeutic potential and to understand their novel and potentially relevant mechanisms of action. In vitro and in vivo evidence exists supporting anticancer effects of CA however, no studies have explored the role of CA in H1299 NSCLC cells and much is still unknown about its mechanism of action. The objectives of the present study were to examine the effects of CA on H1299 cell proliferation and survival, and to investigate its effects on the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)‐Akt, AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways which regulate cell growth and survival. Cell proliferation was measured by crystal violet assay, clonogenic assays were performed to examine the effects of CA on cell survival, and immunoblotting with phospho‐specific antibodies was performed to examine signaling events. CA dose‐dependently inhibited H1299 cell proliferation. Significant inhibition of cell proliferation and survival was seen with concentrations of 25 and 50μM CA. At 50μM CA inhibited Akt activity and enhanced ERK and AMPK activity in H1299 cells, without affecting total levels of each protein. Our data suggest that CA may have potent anticancer properties in NSCLC and warrants further investigation of its use as a chemotherapeutic. Support or Funding Information Brock University Advancement Fund (BUAF) grant to ET.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".