Graphene Oxide Membranes for High Salinity, Produced Water Separation by Pervaporation
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Oil and gas industries produce a huge amount of wastewater known as produced water which contains diverse contaminants including salts, dissolved organics, dispersed oils, and solids making separation and purification challenging. The chemical and thermal stability of graphene oxide (GO) membranes make them promising for use in membrane pervaporation, which may provide a more economical route to purifying this water for disposal or re-use compared to other membrane-based separation techniques. In this study, we investigate the performance and stability of GO membranes cast onto polyethersulfone (PES) supports in the separation of simulated produced water containing high salinity brackish water (30 g/L NaCl) contaminated with phenol, cresol, naphthenic acid, and an oil-in-water emulsion. The GO/PES membranes achieve water flux as high as 47.8 L m−2 h−1 for NaCl solutions for membranes operated at 60 °C, while being able to reject 99.9% of the salt and upwards of 56% of the soluble organic components. The flux for membranes tested in pure water, salt, and simulated produced water was found to decrease over 72 h of testing but only to 50–60% of the initial flux in the worst-case scenario. This drop was concurrent with an increase in contact angle and C/O ratio indicating that the GO may become partially reduced during the separation process. Additionally, a closer look at the membrane crosslinker (Zn2+) was investigated and found to hydrolyze over time to Zn(OH)2 with much of it being washed away during the long-term pervaporation.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it