ISPA cage-like particle adjuvant enhances protection induced by A/Arg/2001 Foot and Mouth Disease Virus-Like Particles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) causes an acute disease with important economy losses worldwide. Currently available vaccines are based on inactivated FMDV and oil-adjuvants. The use of Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) for subunit vaccines has been reported to be promising since it avoids the biological hazard of using virus in vaccine production while conserving conformational viral epitopes. However, a more efficient and cost-effective adjuvant than those currently used is needed. Immunostimulant-Particle Adjuvant (ISPA) is an Immune Stimulating Complex (ISCOM) - type adjuvant formulated with dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, stearylamine, alpha tocopherol and QuilA. In the present work, we have evaluated the immune response against FMDV using VLPs and ISPA as adjuvant. VLPs (serotype A/Arg/01) were obtained by transient gene expression in mammalian cell cultures, and a previously developed murine model, able to predict the ability of a vaccine to induce protection in cattle, was used for vaccination experiments in a first approach. The VLPs-ISPA vaccine induced protection in mice against challenge and elicited a specific antibody response in sera. In a second approach, the VLPs-ISPA vaccine was tested in calves. Interestingly one vaccine dose was enough to induce total α-FMDV antibodies , as measured by ELISA, as well as neutralizing Abs. Antibody titers reached an Expected Percentage of Protection higher than 90%. The EPP index calculates the probability that livestock will be protected against a challenge of 10.000 bovine infectious doses after vaccination. Moreover, IFN-γ levels secreted in vitro by mononuclear cells of VLP-ISPA vaccinated animals were significantly higher (p <0.05) than in the non-adjuvanted VLPs group. Overall, the results demonstrate that VLPs and ISPA are a promising combination for the development of a novel FMD vaccine, since no infectious FMDV is used and a protective immune response can be induced in calves, comparable to that achieved with the commercial FMDV vaccine.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".